v. Glossary of Terms

JawHacks Jargon

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Adenoid Face

Facial appearance characterized by the enlargement of the adenoids, typically leading to mouth breathing, craniofacial dystrophy, and other related issues.

Adenoids

Clusters of lymphoid tissue located at the back of the nasal passage, specifically in the nasopharynx. Structurally, adenoids consist of lymphocytes and other immune cells. Adenoids function as a part of the body's immune response by detecting and combating pathogens like bacteria and viruses that enter the nose and throat. They contribute to the production of antibodies and help prevent the spread of infections.

Advanced Lightwire Functionals (ALF)

A light and flexible tooth-borne wire appliance designed to address cranial strains, promote dental arch development, establish facial myofunctional habits, and enhance airway and TMJ function. Advocates suggest its potential suitability for individuals of all ages that are exploring alternatives to traditional braces, emphasizing a focus on "holistic well-being" in conjunction with dental alignment.

Alveolar Bone

A specialized portion of the jawbone that surrounds and holds the teeth. Structurally, it comprises the alveoli (tooth sockets), and the surrounding trabecular bone (porous bone). It plays a crucial role in anchoring the teeth securely in their positions while dynamically adapting to mechanical forces during biting or chewing through a process of bone remodeling. For instance, areas subjected to increased stress may become denser through bone formation, while areas under less stress may undergo bone resorption.

Anatomical Plane

An imaginary flat surface used in anatomy to delineate the body for the purpose of describing the position of structures or the direction of movements. In human anatomy, three fundamental planes are employed:

Sagittal or Longitudinal plane: parallel to the sagittal suture, dividing the body into left and right halves. The median plane is a specific sagittal plane dividing the body symmetrically.

Coronal or Frontal plane: perpendicular to the ground (vertical), separating the body into dorsal and ventral portions.

Transverse or Axial plane: parallel to the ground (horizontal), dividing the body into cranial (superior) and caudal (inferior) portions. In skull anatomy, it divides the skull into upper and lower parts.

Ankyloglossia

A medical condition characterized by an unusually short, thick, or tight lingual frenulum. Commonly referred to as “tongue tie,” this condition restricts the normal TRMR, leading to difficulties with activities such as breastfeeding, speech articulation, and oral hygiene. It is crucial to address this condition as soon as possible to prevent it from adversely affecting the oral development and the health of the child.

Anterior Growth Guidance Appliance (AGGA)

A tooth-borne orthodontic appliance designed to expand the jaws sagitally, with the intent of fixing a recessed maxilla and curing sleep apnea. According to its inventor, AGGA stimulates the nasopalatine nerve which supposedly triggers a rapid bone growing event throughout the entire craniofacial region. However, this is false fantasy, and what the AGGA actually does is simply apply orthodontic force to the upper incisors, causing them to tip and become severely damaged.

Anterior Nasal Spine (ANS)

A bony projection of the maxilla at the base of the nose. It is important in determining the morphology of the human face as it regards support for the nasal tip and projection of the nose and the upper lip.

Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI)

A quantitative measure used in sleep medicine to assess the severity of sleep-disordered breathing. It gauges the frequency of apneas (complete cessation of airflow) and hypopneas (partial reduction in airflow) per hour during sleep.

Basal Bone

The part of the jawbone located at its base (under the alveolar bone), providing support and stability for teeth and the surrounding structures.

Bicortical Fixation

A surgical technique that involves securing an object, such as an implant or screw, by penetrating it from one cortex (hard-outer layer of the bone) and passing all the way through to the other cortex, providing increased stability and resistance to movement.

Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy (BSSO)

A maxillofacial surgery used to reposition the mandible through bilateral cuts in the sagittal plane. MMA surgery consists of a LeFort cut on the maxilla plus BSSO cuts on the mandible. They are the cuts performed behind the last molar on either side of the mandible in order to release the mandible during MMA surgery.

Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BPAP)

A respiratory therapy device that delivers different air pressure levels during inhalation and exhalation, often used to manage sleep apnea.

Bimaxillary Advancement (BiMax)

See Maxillomandibular Advancement (MMA).

Biobloc

A tooth-borne orthodontic appliance designed to improve facial and jaw development by promoting proper tongue posture and swallowing patterns.

Bone-borne

Referring to orthodontic expanders that are anchored to the bone as opposed to the teeth.

Bone Grafting

A surgical procedure that involves transplanting bone tissue from one location to another to promote healing, bone regeneration, or structural support.

Bone Remodeling

See Wolff's Law.

Bone Smashing

A misguided concept or practice that involves repeatedly hitting bones, particularly in the face, with the belief that it can induce changes in bone structure. This notion often misinterprets Wolff's law, which explains how bones adapt to repeated stresses. In reality, changes in bone structure are primarily influenced by muscle activity pulling against the bones, and there is no evidence to support the idea that repeated blows to the face can alter bone structure in humans.

Brius Braces

A type of lingual braces designed to move teeth independently and simultaneously.

Brodie Bite

A malocclusion in which the innermost part of the upper teeth are outside of the outermost part of the lower teeth. This can result from excessive maxillary skeletal expansion.

Buccal Corridors

Also known as dark triangles. The empty spaces between the outermost teeth and the corners of the mouth, indicating a narrow smile.

Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)

A sleep disorder characterized by a temporary cessation or reduction in breathing during sleep, primarily due to a failure of the central nervous system to send the appropriate signals to the muscles responsible for breathing. Unlike OSA, where there is a physical blockage in the airway, CSA involves a lack of respiratory effort initiated by the brain.

Cephalogram

A radiographic image of the head and skull, often used in orthodontics and craniofacial analysis to assess facial and dental development.

Cephalometric

Relating to the measurement and analysis of the dimensions and angles of the head and facial bones.

Craniofacial Dystrophy (CFD)

A syndrome proposed by Mike Mew in a 2014 article in the British Dental Journal. The author suggests that CFD might underlie malocclusion and various symptoms on the rise in the 20th century. The proposed syndrome involves a downswing in the anterior craniofacial structure (ACS) over the last 10,000 years, possibly due to changes in masticatory effort, posture, and swallowing patterns. These alterations extend to cranial morphology, maxilla position, and the occlusal plane, leading to symptoms like malocclusion. CFD is linked to other various health issues, including breathing difficulties, ear-nose-throat problems, bruxism, temporomandibular disorders, and changes in body posture.

Chad

A slang term often used to describe a stereotypical alpha male, depicted as attractive, successful, muscular, cocky, and very popular among women.

Cheekbone

See Zygomatic Bone.

Chin Tuck

A posture adjustment where the chin is drawn downward and backward toward the neck, used to improve neck and spinal alignment.

Condylar Resorption

A pathological condition where the condyle, a rounded protuberance at the the jaw joint, undergoes significant deterioration or loss of bone tissue.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

A medical device used to treat sleep apnea by delivering a continuous stream of air pressure to keep the airway open during sleep.

Cortical Puncture

A surgical procedure involving the drilling or perforation of the outer layer (cortex) of bone, often used in orthodontics or dental implantology. Can be performed along the midpalatal suture as a surgical assist for MSE.

Counterclockwise Rotation (CCW)

A movement or adjustment in a counterclockwise direction, often used to describe the repositioning of the maxilla in orthognatic surgeries.

Crozat

Just another tooth-borne appliance.

Dental Tipping

The movement of teeth within the alveolar bone, typically involving their outward (lingual) tilting or angulation. This can occur during orthodontic treatment as teeth are repositioned to achieve proper alignment or with the use of tooth-borne expanders.

Dentoalveolar

Relating to the teeth and the alveolar process.

Diastema

A gap or space that exists between two adjacent teeth, for example between the two upper front teeth following nasomaxillary expansion. Diastemas can occur naturally as part of an individual’s dental anatomy or as a result of the separation of the palatine suture, which occurs when using nasomaxillary expanders in orthodontic treatment.

Didjeridoo

A traditional wind instrument originally developed by Indigenous Australians. It is a long, cylindrical tube typically made of wood and is played by blowing air through it to produce a distinctive drone-like sound. Additionally, it has been explored as a therapeutic tool for addressing sleep apnea, as playing the didgeridoo can help strengthen the soft tissues in the airway, potentially improving airway function and reducing sleep apnea symptoms.

Distraction Osteogenesis Maxillary Expansion (DOME)

An aggressive surgical approach to nasomaxillary expansion that involves LeFort cuts as well as chiseling down the nasal spine in preparation for an MSE or similar TAD-anchored expander.

Double Jaw Surgery (DJS)

See Maxillomandibular Advancement (MMA).

Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT)

The medical specialty that focuses on diagnosing and treating conditions and disorders related to the ears, nose, throat, and related structures. Physicians who specialize in this field are called ENT specialists or otolaryngologists.

Elongated Neck Posture

A concept taken from Esther Gokhale’s 8 Steps to a Pain Free Back. It is specific head and neck alignment associated with good posture (Primal Posture). It involves maintaining a lengthened and well-aligned neck position, which can contribute to overall spinal health and a more balanced appearance.

Endoscopically-Assisted Surgical Expansion (EASE)

A type of nasomaxillary expansion performed exclusively by Dr. Kasey Li in which an endoscope placed in the nose is used to monitor surgical release of the midpalatal suture performed from the palatal side. Also includes a surgical release of the pterygoid bone. Following this surgical release, a transpalatal expander (TPD) or other TAD-anchored nasomaxillary expander can be used to split the maxilla, creating tongue space and increase in nasal volume. Considered to be a very efficient form of nasomaxillary expansion (a high nasal expansion to palatal expansion ratio).

Epigenetic Expander

A term often used by “TMJ” general dentists to describe their tooth-borne expanders, suggesting that these expanders utilize epigenetic principles to influence gene expression and encourage favorable changes in jaw structure. It is a misnomer, as there is nothing epigenetic about these expanders. They simply tip teeth.

Epigenetics

The study of heritable changes in gene function or expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications can be influenced by environmental factors and play a role in development, health, and disease.

Esophageal Pressure (Pes)

The pressure within the esophagus is a parameter frequently utilized in sleep studies, particularly in the evaluation of conditions like sleep apnea. This measurement helps assess variations in intrathoracic pressure during breathing, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of sleep apnea and other respiratory disorders.

Facegenics Midfacial Expander (FME)

A brand of nasomaxillary expander that came to market at the end of 2023 and is receiving lots of hype in the JawHacks Discord server. Key features include: 6 “locking” TADs and no molar arms (to avoid dental tipping). There is hope that it will improve upon Partner’s Dental Studio Custom MARPE, but that is YTDB.

Facemask (FM)

An orthodontic device consisting of a metal bar that traditionally attaches to the upper teeth and extends outside the mouth, connecting to elastic bands worn on the forehead. These bands apply forward force on the maxilla, encouraging it to grow forward. In the context of nasomaxillary expansion, the facemask is attached directly to the TAD-borne expander, allowing it to pull directly onto the facial bones rather than the teeth. Facemask is mainly used to correct underbites (class 3 malocclusion), where the lower jaw is positioned more forward than the upper jaw. The facemask is typically worn for a prescribed number of hours each day, often during sleep, and is part of an orthodontic treatment plan to achieve proper bite alignment and facial balance.

Falim Gum

A type of chewing gum that is popular in the Mewing community. It is known for its tougher texture, which can help promote proper jaw development and muscle function through chewing exercises.

Fletcherism

A dietary and eating philosophy promoted by Horace Fletcher in the early 20th century. It emphasizes thorough mastication of food and mindful eating to aid digestion and promote overall health.

Forward Growth

The natural development and growth of the face and jaws in a forward direction. It is ideal for proper facial aesthetics, airway function, and overall oral health.

Forward Head Posture

A condition in which the head is positioned forward of its normal alignment and is often simultaneously tilted upward. This misalignment commonly arises from having a small airway, as jutting the chin forward actually helps to open the airway in spite of it being small. When the head is both shifted forward and tilted upward, it can contribute to a range of issues, including problems with the neck and spine.

Functional Matrix Hypothesis

A theory in craniofacial growth and development that posits that the growth and form of the face and jaws are influenced by functional forces, such as muscle activity and oral function, in addition to genetic factors.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A chronic digestive disorder characterized by the abnormal and frequent backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus. There is a link between GERD and altered respiratory patterns. During episodes of upper airway resistance, individuals experience increased respiratory effort, leading to negative esophageal pressure (Pes). This negative pressure can disrupt the normal pressure gradient between the stomach and the esophagus, facilitating the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. The repeated exposure of the esophagus to acidic gastric contents can lead to various symptoms, including heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.

Gokhale Method

See Primal Posture.

Highly Sensitive Person (HSP)

An individual who has a heightened sensitivity to various stimuli, including sensory, emotional, and social stimuli. HSPs may be more easily overwhelmed by sensory input and often have a deep emotional response to their environment.

Hollywood Smile

A dental aesthetic characterized by exceptionally wide, white, well-aligned, and visually appealing teeth. This aesthetic places a strong emphasis on a broad smile, where many teeth are prominently visible, and the presence of buccal corridors is minimal.

Homeoblock

Just another tooth-borne orthodontic appliance.

Hyrax

Just another tooth-borne orthodontic appliance.

Incisive Papilla

The spot on the gums above your upper front teeth, on the lingual side of the palate.

Inclined Bed Therapy

A therapeutic practice where a person sleeps on a bed with the head end elevated at a slight angle. Elevating the upper body during sleep can have potential health benefits, such as gravitational airway relief, improved circulation, digestion. Can help with conditions such as acid reflux (GERD) and sleep apnea.

Intermolar Width (IMW)

The distance between the mesiolingual cusp tips of the upper or lower first molars. A rough metric that can be used to determine how wide a person’s palate is.

Interpupillary Distance (IPD)

The distance between the centers of the pupils of a person’s eyes. Even though it is mostly genetics, individuals with underdeveloped facial structure tend to have a less-than-ideal IPD, which is to say their IPD is unattractively small.

Intraoral Vacuum

It is a physiological state occurring within the mouth when optimal tongue posture is attained (Mewing). This condition, reminiscent of the natural suction observed during breastfeeding, is characterized by the unconscious establishment of a delicate suction or seal between the tongue and the palate.

Invisalign

Aligners used in orthodontics to straighten teeth and correct bite issues. Unlike traditional braces, Invisalign aligners are nearly invisible and removable, making them a popular choice for people seeking a more discreet and comfortable way to straighten their teeth. The treatment involves a series of custom-made aligners that gradually shift the teeth into the desired position.

JawHacking

A slang term native to the JawHacks channel. It refers to methods, strategies, and interventions that people can use to manage and improve upon jaw-related issues. Primarily refers to Mewing and jaw expansion treatment modalities.

Labial Frenulum

A small fold of tissue located inside the upper and lower lips, connecting them to the gums. In some cases, an excessively tight or restrictive labial frenulum can lead to conditions like lip tie, which may require surgical release.

Larynx

An organ in the neck involved in speech production and protection of the airway during swallowing. It contains the vocal cords, which vibrate to produce sound when air passes through them.

LeFort Cuts

A system used in craniofacial anatomy to categorize both fractures and surgical procedures involving the maxillary bone. They identify different types of maxillary injuries, including fractures, as well as specific surgical techniques such as LeFort I, II, and III osteotomies. These classifications are essential in diagnosing and planning the treatment of facial trauma, congenital anomalies, and orthognathic surgeries to reposition the maxilla for improved facial harmony and function. Generally, MMA surgery involves a LeFort 1 cut plus BSSO cuts on the mandible.

Lingual Frenectomy

Also known as a tongue tie release. It is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of tethered oral tissue beneath the tongue which is restricting the tongue’s range of motion. Dr. Soroush Zaghi has further distinguished between anterior and posterior tongue ties, claiming that posterior tongue ties are harder to detect and therefore often undiagnosed.

Lingual Frenulum

A band of tissue beneath the tongue that connects it to the floor of the mouth. An unusually short or tight lingual frenulum can restrict tongue movement, leading to a condition known as tongue tie, which may contribute to oromyofacial dysfunction, speech and swallowing impediments, underdevelopment of the maxillofacial skeleton, and even predispose to sleep breathing disorder.

Lip Tie

See Labial Frenulum.

Long Face Syndrome

See Craniofacial Dystrophy (CFD).

Looksmaxx

A term often used in online communities, particularly those focused on self-improvement and appearance enhancement. It refers to the pursuit of strategies and techniques to maximize one’s physical appearance and attractiveness.

Macroglossia

A medical term that refers to an abnormally large or enlarged tongue. It can be a congenital condition or result from various medical conditions, and it may cause difficulties with speech, swallowing, breathing and proper oral posture.

Malocclusion

A dental term that describes the misalignment of teeth when the upper and lower jaws do not meet properly. Class II and Class III malocclusions are specific types of misalignments, often referred to as overbites and underbites, respectively. In an overbite, the upper front teeth excessively overlap the lower front teeth vertically, while an underbite involves the protrusion of the lower front teeth beyond the upper front teeth.

Mandible

The lower jawbone.

Mandibular Advancement Device (MAD)

A type of oral appliance used in the treatment of sleep-related breathing disorders, such as sleep apnea. It repositions the mandible forward to help open the airway during sleep. However, MADs, like all splints, can cause negative permanent changes in the bite. They may also promote “headgear effect,” which is the pulling back of the maxilla as a result of it being used as an anchor to hold the mandible forward.

Mandibular Symphyseal Distraction Osteogenesis (MSDO)

A surgical technique used to correct mandibular transverse deficiencies and dental crowding. The procedure involves making a cut at the mandibular symphysis and applying distractors to gradually separate the two halves of the mandible. Dr. Joseph Yousefian’s version of this procedure is known as Distraction Assisted Mandibular Expansion (DAME).

Masseter

A thick muscle located in the jaw region and one of the primary muscles involved in the mastication process. It originates from the zygomatic arch and it inserts into the mandible along the lateral surface of the mandibular ramus and the angle of the mandible. When the masseter muscle contracts, it exerts force on the mandible, allowing for the closing of the jaw during biting and chewing.

Mastic Gum

A resin obtained from the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus). It has been used historically for various purposes, including chewing gum, flavoring, and as a natural remedy for digestive issues. It is a favorite among Mewing enthusiasts, however many find it to be so hard that it breaks their teeth, especially if they have fillings.

Maxilla

The upper jawbone.

Maxillary Skeletal Expander (MSE)

A MARPE device developed by Dr. Won Moon, aimed at addressing transverse maxillary deficiencies, particularly in non-growing patients. The MSE appliance is anchored to the maxilla with orthodontic miniscrews (TADs) placed perpendicularly to the bone. The treatment involves controlled activation of the expander, directing forces to the microimplants rather than the teeth (bone-borne).

Maxillomandibular Advancement (MMA)

A type of orthognathic surgery that involves repositioning both the upper and lower jaws forward to treat sleep apnea. This surgery is also used to enhance facial aesthetics. Generally, it involves a LeFort 1 cut on the maxilla, and two BSSO cuts on the mandible. MMA improves the nasolabial angle, optimizes the prominence of the maxilla and mandible, and involves the stretching of soft tissues. These adjustments collectively lead to a more balanced and aesthetically pleasing facial profile, addressing both functional and cosmetic aspects.

Mewing

Named after Dr. John Mew, a British orthodontist, is a technique promoting proper craniofacial development through the natural tongue posture. It involves placing the tongue against the roof of the mouth, while keeping the lips sealed, and breathing through the nose. The effectiveness of Mewing is attributed to the pressure exerted by the tongue on the maxilla, acting as a natural palate expander in early life and maintaining structural integrity post-puberty. There are two variations of Mewing:

Suction Mewing: focuses on the creation of an intraoral vacuum where the tongue adheres naturally to the palate. This vacuum effect ensures the maintenance of optimal tongue posture effortlessly and unconsciously, even during sleep.

Hard Mewing: involves actively pressing the tongue against the roof of the mouth. Typically performed by individuals seeking post-pubertal palate expansion, this practice entails applying higher forces.

Midpalatal Suture

A joint-like structure located in the middle of the palate. During growth and development, this suture fuses, contributing to the formation of a stable, single piece of bone.

Migraine Nerve Decompression Surgery

A medical procedure performed to relieve compression of the nerves at the back of the neck and in the forehead, temples and eyebrows, that lead to migraine headaches.

Minimalist Footwear

A type of footwear designed to offer minimal support and cushioning, mimicking the barefoot experience, allowing for greater flexibility and natural foot movement. Minimalist shoes have a wider toe box which accommodates the toes in a more splayed position, preventing the unnatural constriction found in many conventional shoe designs. These shoes often encourage a shift toward a more natural forefoot strike instead of a heel strike. This adjustment in running or walking technique is driven by the absence of cushioning in the heel, prompting the body to absorb impact through the forefoot, which is considered a biomechanically efficient and less jarring form of movement.

Miniscrew-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (MARPE)

The umbrella term that encompasses all TAD-assisted nasomaxillary expanders such as MSE, Partner’s Dental Studio Custom MARPE, and the KLS Martin TPD. MARPE is a non (or lightly) surgical orthodontic treatment designed to address transverse maxillary deficiency, particularly in non-growing patients. The treatment aims to expand the maxilla and correct issues related to occlusion and facial development.

MARPE involves the use of orthodontic microimplants (miniscrews or TADs) as anchorage devices to optimize the application of mechanical forces directly into the bone rather than the teeth.

Since the roof of the mouth is also the floor of the nose, MARPE is considered “nasomaxillary” or “midfacial” expansion, as to some degree the nasal volume and other midfacial structures such as the zygomas will be effected by its action.

Mouth Breathing

The habitual inhalation and exhalation through the mouth instead of the nose. It can lead to various issues in facial development and health. Chronic mouth breathing may contribute to conditions such as Long Face Syndrome and a narrowed upper jaw, impacting facial aesthetics and causing dental problems like malocclusion, gingivitis, and cavities. Additionally, it is associated with sleep-related disorders like snoring and sleep apnea, affecting sleep quality. Speech and language development may be affected, and changes in facial appearance, including a gummy smile and altered lip posture, can result. Beyond aesthetics, mouth breathing can lead to reduced oxygen intake, as well as excessive carbon dioxide dumping, impacting overall health and cognitive function.

Myofunctional Therapy

A type of treatment that focuses on the muscles and functions of the face and mouth. It is often used to address issues related to oral and facial muscles, particularly those that can affect speech, swallowing, and facial development. Myofunctional therapists work with individuals to improve the coordination and strength of these muscles. Can be considered physical therapy for the face, or even personal training for Mewing.

Nasal Floor

The bottom portion of the nasal cavity, which separates the nasal passages from the oral cavity (mouth). It forms part of the bony structure that supports the nose.

Nasal Turbinates

Shelf-like structures inside the nasal passages that help to humidify and filter the air we breathe. They also play a role in directing airflow and are covered in a mucous membrane. They appear to be a primary culprit for nasal blockage in many patients, but the question of how to deal with “turbinate enlargement” is very complicated, as surgically addressing the turbinates directly can lead to empty nose syndrome (ENS). Many patients will opt to deal with enlarged turbinates by seeking nasomaxillary expansion via MARPE, as this approach “enlarges the room” rather than “removes the furniture.”

Nasomaxillary Expansion

Synonymous with MARPE. Refers to all TAD-anchored expansion that splits the midpalatal suture and in doing so expands the nasal volume, zygomas and other midfacial structures.

Nasolabial Angle

An anatomical measurement used in facial aesthetics. It is the angle formed by two lines, one drawn from the tip of the nose to the upper lip and the other from the upper lip to the base of the nose. This angle can be important in facial reconstructive surgery and analysis.

Nasopalatine Nerve

Also known as the long sphenopalatine nerve, is a branch of the maxillary nerve, which itself is a branch of the trigeminal nerve. It is responsible for sensory innervation of the palate, specifically the front part of the hard palate.

Nerd Neck

See Forward Head Posture.

Night Guard

A dental appliance worn during sleep to protect the teeth and jaws from the effects of bruxism or TMD. It helps prevent dental damage and alleviate jaw pain.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

A sleep disorder characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep due to the partial or complete collapse of the upper airway. This leads to poor sleep quality and can have serious health implications.

Occipital Neuralgia

A medical condition characterized by severe, shooting pain that radiates from the back of the head (occipital region) to the neck and behind the eyes. It is often caused by irritation or compression of the occipital nerves. This condition can be related to craniofacial dystrophy, as having small jaws can result in nerd neck which causes occipital neuralgia to develop over time.

Occlusion

The way the upper and lower teeth come together when the mouth is closed. Proper occlusion is essential for chewing, speaking, and overall oral health.

Ontogenetic

The process of an organism’s development from the earliest stages of its life to maturity. It encompasses all the developmental changes that occur as an individual organism grows and matures.

Orofacial

Relating to the mouth and face.

Orthodontics

A branch of dentistry that focuses on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of misaligned teeth and jaws. Orthodontic treatment often involves the use of braces or other appliances to improve oral function and aesthetics.

Orthognathic Surgery

A surgical procedure used to correct severe misalignments of the upper and lower jaws. It can improve facial aesthetics, bite function, and overall oral health.

Orthotropics

An approach to orthodontics that focuses on natural growth guidance and encourages proper facial development and airway function. This term was coined by Dr. John Mew.

Osteogenesis

The process of bone formation, growth, and development. It involves the production and mineralization of bone tissue.

Partner’s Dental Studio Custom MARPE

A kind of MARPE device customized by the Partner’s Dental Studio Lab based on a patient’s individual scan. It is a favorite of Dr. Ilya Lipkin, Marianna Evans, and other top MARPE providers. It can be made in many different styles and variations according to the doctor’s preference.

Periodontium

The supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. These structures help anchor teeth in the jaw and maintain their stability.

Piezoelectric Surgical Assist (Piezo)

Surgical procedure involving the use of piezoelectric instruments for precise and controlled cutting of bone. Piezoelectric instruments utilize ultrasonic vibrations to perform delicate and controlled bone cuts, making them particularly well-suited for procedures such as MARPE with surgical assist, where precise cuts on the palatal suture are necessary to facilitate the controlled separation and expansion of the maxilla. These devices are designed to minimize damage to surrounding tissues, including nerves and blood vessels, by selectively cutting bone while preserving soft tissues.

Primal Posture

From Esther Gokhale’s 8 Steps to a Pain Free Back. It is a concept that emphasizes the importance of adopting a natural, anatomically aligned posture to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction. It often involves maintaining a more upright and balanced body position which can be learned by observing traditional peoples in non-sedentary cultures that have an extremely low incidence of back pain and other postural dysfunction.

Polysomnogram (PSG)

A comprehensive sleep study that monitors various physiological parameters during sleep, such as brain activity, eye movement, muscle activity, heart rate, and respiratory function. It is used to diagnose sleep disorders.

Posterior Nasal Spine (PNS)

A bony projection at the back of the hard palate in the roof of the mouth. It is a reference point used in dental and orthodontic measurements.

Rapid Palatal Expansion (RPE)

An orthodontic treatment designed to address transverse maxillary deficiencies by expanding the width of the upper jaw. Typically applied during a patient's growing years, RPE involves the use of a tooth-borne expander (Hyrax). This device is affixed to the upper molars and exerts controlled lateral forces on the midpalatal suture, which is the cartilaginous joint between the two halves of the maxilla. The procedure is most effective when performed during the primary and mixed dentition stages, taking advantage of the greater plasticity of the developing skeletal structures. Not appropriate for adults.

Red Pill

A term derived from the movie “The Matrix” and is used figuratively to describe the act of adopting a new, often unconventional, and sometimes controversial perspective or ideology. It signifies a person’s decision to embrace beliefs or insights that challenge mainstream or widely accepted viewpoints, often related to political, social, or cultural issues. To “take the red pill” means to awaken to reality, even if they diverge from commonly held beliefs. This term is often associated with online communities and discussions that explore alternative viewpoints and narratives.

Respiratory Distress Index (RDI)

A similar measure to AHI, but it also includes the number of RERAs per hour of sleep.

Respiratory Effort-Related Arousal (RERA)

Brief awakenings (arousals) caused by a partial blockage of the upper airway during sleep, leading to increased respiratory effort. These arousals are marked by changes in brain wave activity, even if the individual may not consciously perceive them. These repetitive interruptions in sleep are a significant concern in sleep medicine, as they contribute to the overall impact of sleep apnea, regardless of whether the breathing disturbances are full (apneas) or partial pauses (hypopneas). Due to its recognition as a key marker of disease severity, RERA is increasingly acknowledged by sleep centers and insurance companies as an important indicator in sleep disorder assessment.

Reverse Pull Headgear (RPHG)

See Facemask (FM).

Root Resorption

A dental condition where the roots of a tooth begin to break down and diminish. It can occur due to various factors, including dental trauma, orthodontic treatment, or other dental conditions.

Schwarz

A tooth-borne device made of acrylic and metal, designed to increase the width of the maxilla. Not appropriate for adults.

Sleep Apnea

A sleep disorder marked by recurring interruptions in breathing, termed apneas, occurring during sleep. These interruptions result in decreased oxygen intake and disturbances in sleep patterns. Based on the nature of these pauses, sleep apnea is classified in Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) or Central Sleep Apnea (CSA).

Sleep-Disordered Breathing

A spectrum of respiratory irregularities occurring during sleep, encompassing diverse breathing abnormalities, ranging from the common occurrence of snoring to more severe disruptions like sleep apnea.

Sleep Study

A medical assessment conducted in a sleep laboratory to monitor and analyze an individual's sleep patterns, encompassing critical factors such as breathing, brain activity, and body movements. This diagnostic procedure can utilize various measurements, including the Respiratory Distress Index (RDI), Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI), Respiratory Effort-Related Arousals (RERAs), and esophageal pressure (Pes) measurements. These measurements collectively provide detailed insights into sleep physiology, facilitating the accurate diagnosis of sleep disorders and guiding the development of personalized interventions.

Snoring

The audible vibration of respiratory structures during sleep, often resulting from partial airway obstruction. Persistent and loud snoring can indicate underlying health concerns such as OSA or UARS.

Soft Tissue

The non-bony structures in the body, including muscles, tendons, ligaments, skin, and other connective tissues. With respect to jawhacking, this refers to the soft tissues of the nose, the tongue, the facial muscles, and the skin of the face.

Sphenoid

A large, complex bone located in the skull. It plays a significant role in forming the base of the cranium and houses various structures, including the pituitary gland.

Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SARPE)

A kind of aggressively surgically assisted toothborne expansion. This treatment modality has become obsolete in the wake of MARPE, especially piezo-assisted MARPE such as EASE.

Surgically Facilitated Orthodontic Therapy (SFOT)

A periodontal procedure meant to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement as well as increase the potential of its magnitude. It involves flapping the gums and making cuts into the alveolar bone between each tooth (corticotomies). Additionally, it involves the packing of bone grafting materials into the treated area, to provide bony mass for the teeth to be moved into. SFOT may increase potential of dental expansion by 40%, and increase the rate of Invisalign tray change from 1 tray every 7-14 days to 1 tray every 3 days.

Temporary Anchorage Device (TAD)

Mini-screws or mini-implants made of titanium alloy that are temporarily placed into the bone of the jaws, functioning as fixed anchor units that facilitate tooth movement, or that provide bone anchorage to nasomaxillary expanders. The MSE typically uses 4 titanium alloy TADs for fixation to the palate. Other MARPEs use 6 or 8 TADs.

Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD)

Also known incorrectly as “TMJ.” A medical condition characterized by pain, discomfort, or dysfunction in the TMJ and the surrounding muscles, often associated with sleep-disordered breathing and airway disorders.

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

The joint that connects the mandible to the skull’s temporal bone.

Thumb Pulling

A process by which you insert both thumbs into the mouth and against the back third of the palate. You pull the palate apart in the aims to create greater space in the mouth and stimulate maxilla bone growth. The efficacy of thumb pulling in adults is unknown and dubious. The safety is also unknown.

Tongue Range of Motion Ratio (TRMR)

A metric used to assess and quantify the range of motion and flexibility of an individual's tongue. This ratio is calculated by determining the MOTTIP (Maximal interincisal Opening with Tongue Tip to maxillary Incisive Papilla) and dividing it by the MIO (Maximal Interincisal Opening). MOTTIP measures the maximum distance between the upper and lower incisors with the tongue touching the incisive papilla. MIO measures the maximum distance between the upper and lower incisors. Both measures are assessed with the mouth being opened as wide as possible painlessly.

Tongue Scalloping

A condition where the edges of the tongue exhibit scalloped or indented patterns, often associated with small jaws or improper tongue posture.

Tongue Tie

See Ankyloglossia.

Tongue Tie Release

See Lingual frenectomy.

Tooth-borne

Referring to orthodontic expanders that are directly attached to the teeth. Such expanders are generally inappropriate for adults as they cause periodontal problems rather than bonafide skeletal expansion. MARPEs are more appropriate for adults seeking transverse maxillary expansion.

Transpalatal Distractor (TPD)

The device employed in the EASE procedure after the surgical incisions made in the maxilla, it is used to gradually separate the two halves of the maxilla, enabling controlled transverse expansion to achieve the desired width.

Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome (UARS)

A sleep-related disorder characterized by heightened resistance to airflow in the upper airway during sleep. Unlike obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), individuals with UARS may not experience complete blockages of airflow, but they still encounter increased difficulty breathing during sleep. This heightened resistance can result in sleep disturbances, such as frequent awakenings, and contribute to symptoms like daytime fatigue.

White Coat Effect

A psychological phenomenon where individuals tend to attribute benevolence, trustworthiness, and authority to healthcare professionals, such as doctors or dentists, simply because they wear a “white coat” associated with their profession. This effect leads people to assume that healthcare providers always have their best interests in mind and that their recommendations or actions are inherently beneficial and accurate. It can result in patients unquestioningly accepting or complying with medical advice or treatments without critically evaluating them, as they inherently trust the authority and expertise associated with the healthcare profession.

Wilckodontics

See Surgically Facilitated Orthodontic Therapy (SFOT).

Wolff's Law

A biomechanical principle asserting that bone tissue undergoes adaptive remodeling in response to the mechanical stresses and loads imposed upon it. Formulated by German anatomist and surgeon Julius Wolff in the 19th century, the law posits that bones will alter their internal architecture and density to optimize their structural integrity in alignment with the prevailing patterns of mechanical strain. The concept is foundational to the fields of orthopedics and biomechanics, informing our understanding of skeletal adaptation and providing insights into the effects of physical activity, weight-bearing, and other mechanical factors on bone health.

Zygomatic Bone

Also known as the cheekbones, zygomas, malar bones, it is a facial bone that forms part of the skull’s orbit and cheekbone area. It plays a big role in facial structure as it forms the prominence of the cheeks and support the eyes.